{
  "abstract": "Objectives To examine the emotional, cognitive and dispositional experience of children and adolescents undergoing Lokomat rehabilitation by integrating self-evaluation, therapist observations and physiological metrics across repeated sessions, with the aim of characterising how patient experience evolves throughout paediatric robot-assisted gait training.Design Prospective observational study using a multidimensional assessment approach combining self-report, therapist ratings and physiological measures.Setting Inpatients undergoing robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) with the Lokomat at the Scientific Institute Eugenio Medea in Bosisio Parini (Italy).Participants 42 children and adolescents (N=42; mean age 11.66±5.59 years) undergoing RAGT.Interventions Robot-assisted gait therapy with the Lokomat. Participants underwent 30-minute therapy sessions as per routine rehabilitation protocols, with treatment durations ranging from 15 to 20 sessions, as prescribed by their referring clinician.Primary and secondary outcome measures Participants completed ad-hoc questionnaires about emotional, cognitive and dispositional factors before and after therapy; therapists provided structured assessments of patient engagement and psychological states. Physiological data, such as heart rate variability (HRV) and electrodermal activity (EDA), were recorded using wearable sensors to capture physiological correlates of emotional and cognitive engagement.Results The results showed that by the end of Lokomat therapy, patients displayed increased cognitive engagement and better emotional regulation, along with higher vagal activity (normalised high-frequency) and increased phasic EDA responses. According to the therapists, patients appeared more confident, calm and cooperative. Sympathetic activation observed during satisfaction ratings reflected the involvement of the autonomic nervous system in positive emotional experiences.Conclusions This study, therefore, emphasises a multidimensional approach to rehabilitation, which involves subjective patient self-assessments, therapist observations and physiological signals in an effort to capture a more comprehensive patient experience. The findings highlight the importance of personalised, patient-centred approaches and contribute new evidence on the psychological and physiological effects of RAGT in paediatric populations. Further research is warranted to confirm these results and explore their clinical implications.Trial registration number NCT05767268.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy",
        "Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Mattia Chiappini"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy",
        "Department of Electronics, Information, and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Giorgia Malerba"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy",
        "Department of Design, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Carla Dei"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Silvia Bellazzecca"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Anna Falivene"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy",
        "Department of Electronics, Information, and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Simone Costantini"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Roberta Morganti"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Eleonora Diella"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Fabio Storm"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Electronics, Information, and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Emilia Ambrosini"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Andrea Cavallo"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Emilia Biffi"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Understanding patient experience during Lokomat rehabilitation in children and adolescents: a clinical observational study combining self-evaluation and physiological metrics",
  "uid": "acbcb1da-5816-5926-8cfa-61198a272359"
}