{
  "abstract": "Objectives The real-world evidence on the association between vitamin D supplementation and cognitive outcomes has been scant and controversial. We aimed to investigate the longitudinal association between vitamin D supplement use and subsequent cognitive functioning among US older adults.Design Prospective cohort study.Setting A nationally representative ageing cohort in USA: the Health and Retirement Study (HRS).Participants Participants were drawn from the HRS wave 12 and included respondents who had complete data on dietary supplement use and cognitive assessment. A total of 5065 participants (mean age: 67.5±10.2 years, 61.6% female, 76.6% White ethnicity) were included, of whom 2004 (39.6%) participants were vitamin D supplement users.Primary and secondary outcome measures Change in cognitive function scores over 6 years of follow-up (from HRS waves 12–15), estimated by linear mixed model adjusted for multiple covariates.Results Compared with non-users, vitamin D users had an accelerated decline in global cognitive function (difference in the rate of change: −0.052 points/year; 95% CI −0.092 to −0.013, p=0.010) and in executive function score (difference: −0.021 points/year; 95% CI −0.037 to −0.005, p =0.010). Sensitivity analysis suggested that accelerated cognitive decline was only observed among supplement users with normal baseline serum 25(OH)D level (p=0.004), but not the group with insufficient/deficient levels (p=0.826).Conclusions Our findings do not support vitamin D supplementation as a means of preventing or slowing cognitive decline in older people with adequate vitamin D status. While healthcare providers should encourage adequate vitamin D intake from dietary sources and moderate sun exposure, caution should be taken when recommending such supplements to older adults without a clear indication for it.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China",
        "School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"
      ],
      "name": "Rong Hua"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"
      ],
      "name": "Chun Sing Lam"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China",
        "Margaret K. L. Cheung Research Centre for Management of Parkinsonism, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China",
        "Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"
      ],
      "name": "Vincent Chung Tong Mok"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"
      ],
      "name": "Yin Ting Cheung"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Association between vitamin D supplement use and cognitive functioning: a longitudinal cohort study",
  "uid": "7541fb20-8412-5133-91a7-51ac5d7bff2c"
}