{
  "abstract": "Objectives This study assessed the global burden of glaucoma using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study. The analysis of epidemiological trends aimed to inform future public health prevention strategies.Design Retrospective cross-sectional study.Participants None.Methods Analysis of 1990–2021 GBD data on glaucoma prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), age-standardised prevalence rates (ASPR), and age-standardised DALY rates (ASDR). Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) were calculated, Joinpoint regression identified trend changes, and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) modelling projected the burden for the year 2050.Results Globally, the number of prevalent glaucoma cases increased from 4 072 106.59 (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 3 489 888.7 to 4 752 867.3) in 1990 to 7 587 672.9 (95% UI 6 522 906 to 8 917 725.4) in 2021. Concurrently, DALYs increased from 467 600.4 (95% UI 323 490.5 to 648 641.6) in 1990 to 759 900.2 (95% UI 530 942.9 to 1 049 127.2) in 2021. In contrast, the ASPR and ASDR declined to 90.1 per 100 000 population (95% UI 77.8 to 105.5) and 9.1 per 100 000 population (95% UI 6.3 to 12.5) in 2021, respectively. During the COVID-19 pandemic period (2019–2021), the slowest growth rates in crude case numbers and overall disease burden were observed, accompanied by the most pronounced decline in annual percentage change of ASPR. The highest estimates for both case counts and DALYs were identified in the 70–74 age group, with males demonstrating higher prevalence rates than females. Furthermore, regions with lower Sociodemographic Index (SDI) values bore a disproportionately higher burden of glaucoma.Conclusion These findings underscore the need to strengthen early screening and treatment of glaucoma, particularly in ageing populations, male groups and low SDI regions. We urge cautious interpretation of COVID-19 related data and vigilance against potential post-pandemic surges in burden. Critical strategies include enhanced screening and intervention for high-risk groups, targeted prevention measures and integration of ophthalmic care into public health emergency frameworks to alleviate the disease burden.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "School of Clinical Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China"
      ],
      "name": "Yue Peng"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China"
      ],
      "name": "Lian Han"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "State Key Laboratory of Eye Health, Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"
      ],
      "name": "Qi Jiang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China",
        "Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China"
      ],
      "name": "Jiaying Liu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "State Key Laboratory of Eye Health, Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"
      ],
      "name": "Xingyu Liu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "State Key Laboratory of Eye Health, Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"
      ],
      "name": "Gengchen Jiang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China",
        "Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China"
      ],
      "name": "Zhaohuai Li"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu, China"
      ],
      "name": "Shuyan Qin"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China",
        "Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China"
      ],
      "name": "Yehong Zhuo"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "State Key Laboratory of Eye Health, Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"
      ],
      "name": "Wenru Su"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Global, regional and national burden of glaucoma from 1990 to 2021 and projections to 2050: a retrospective cross-sectional study",
  "uid": "c5ea0949-2e55-53b1-ab37-442a1b4ebd84"
}