{
  "abstract": "Objectives There is limited research exploring the age-related difference in communication when describing pain experiences. This project aimed to identify key differences between adolescents’, young adults’ and adults’ (i) preferred communication method, (ii) language content and (iii) lexical amount and variety when discussing their persistent pain experience using chatbot technology.Design An exploratory concurrent nested mixed-methods design using a comparative analysis.Setting Participants were recruited through a convenience sampling strategy from two tertiary multidisciplinary pain centres in Australia.Participants 20 adolescents, 20 young adults and 20 adults completed a pain history assessment using the Dolores application. The inclusion criteria for this study were (i) persistent non-cancer pain for at least 3 months, (ii) 10 years of age and over and (iii) adequate expressive and receptive language skills to complete the required tasks in English, as determined by clinicians in the treating team.Results Drawn, voice and typed responses provided by participants during the chatbot interaction were analysed using content analysis. Fisher’s exact tests and χ 2 tests were used to examine differences between age groups. Strong effect size estimates generated from comparative analyses suggested that adolescents were the most likely age group to utilise drawing (p=0.153, Cramer’s V=0.268), preferred typing over speaking (p=<0.001, Cramer’s V=0.470) and used non-specific language to describe pain (p=0.007, Cramer’s V=0.433). Young adults used the greatest number and variety of words in response to chatbot questions including evaluative language (p=0.097, Cramer’s V=0.296). Adults tended to use more metaphors (p=0.085, Cramer’s V=0.305) and had a strong preference for speaking over typing (p=<0.001, Cramer’s V=0.470).Conclusions The results of this study provide insights into age-related differences in communication and preferences when using technology to communicate about persistent pain. Future research exploring individualised age-related approaches to pain assessment, supported by the findings of this study, in comparison to current standardised assessments administered by clinicians are warranted.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Elizabeth Hay"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Australian eHealth Research Centre, CSIRO, Herston, Queensland, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "David Ireland"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia",
        "Tess Cramond Pain and Research Centre, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Herston, Queensland, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Andrew Claus"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Tanya Rose"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Jenny Strong"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Queensland Interdisciplinary Paediatric Persistent Pain Service, Queensland Children’s Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Daria Westerman"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Queensland Interdisciplinary Paediatric Persistent Pain Service, Queensland Children’s Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Mikaela Schlumpf"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Australian eHealth Research Centre, CSIRO, Herston, Queensland, Australia",
        "Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne - Parkville Campus, Parkville, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Pranavie Vijayakumar"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Lyza Burvill"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Tess Cramond Pain and Research Centre, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Herston, Queensland, Australia",
        "RECOVER Injury Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia",
        "Occupational Therapy Department, The Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Herston, Queensland, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Nicole Andrews"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Uncovering age-related differences in communication by people with persistent pain when interacting with a pain history assessment chatbot in Australia: an exploratory mixed-methods study using a comparative analysis",
  "uid": "452046ed-cdc5-5437-b82b-636e347605c2"
}