{
  "abstract": "Introduction In recent decades, transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) has become a widely used non-invasive method for modulating brain function in clinical and non-clinical populations. However, existing tES trials exhibit substantial methodological heterogeneity, often limiting the reproducibility and interpretability of findings. There currently exists a paucity of consensus-driven, standardised recommendations outlining the key factors that should be reported and/or controlled in tES studies. Accordingly, this project aims to develop Consolidated Guidelines for Reporting and Evaluation of studies using tES (CoRE-tES), a tool designed to assess the methodological quality and reporting of laboratory-based and home-based tES studies. These guidelines will support improved quality, consistency, replication and transparency in research involving tES modalities, including transcranial direct current stimulation, transcranial alternating current stimulation and transcranial random noise stimulation.Methods and analysis CoRE-tES will be developed and disseminated over five stages. Stage 1 will comprise a review of recent tES literature to assess methodological and reporting quality. Stage 2 will employ a Delphi process to seek agreement among international tES experts on a list of items for inclusion in CoRE-tES. In stage 3, a consensus meeting will be held to synthesise and prioritise the agreed items to form CoRE-tES. Stage 4 will involve production of the final CoRE-tES checklist and an accompanying evaluation and elaboration document. In stage 5, CoRE-tES will be disseminated via journal publication, conferences, professional meetings and social media campaigns.Ethics and dissemination Ethics approval has been obtained from the Western Sydney University Human Research Ethics Committee (approval number H16803). Findings will be disseminated through scientific conferences and peer-reviewed journal publications, and CoRE-tES will be indexed on the Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research Network website.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Brain Stimulation and Rehabilitation (BrainStAR) Lab, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Ariane Y Suhood"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Brain Stimulation and Rehabilitation (BrainStAR) Lab, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia",
        "School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Simon Summers"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
        "Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Alvaro Pascual-Leone"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, NRW, Germany",
        "University Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital OWL, Dortmund, Germany",
        "German Centre for Mental Health, Center Bochum, Bochum, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Michael A Nitsche"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Neurology & Stroke, Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany",
        "Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Hertie, Tübingen, BW, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Ulf Ziemann"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Neural Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, New York, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Marom Bikson"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Faculty of Health, Paris Est Creteil University, Creteil, France",
        "Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Henri Mondor University Hospitals Clinical Haematology Service, Créteil, France"
      ],
      "name": "Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil",
        "Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Andre R Brunoni"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, England, UK",
        "Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Hospital Los Madroños, Brunete, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Sven Bestmann"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Lucy S Chipchase"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Flanders, Belgium"
      ],
      "name": "Lais B Razza"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Brain Stimulation and Rehabilitation (BrainStAR) Lab, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia",
        "School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Rocco Cavaleri"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Developing consolidated guidelines for reporting and evaluation of studies using transcranial electrical stimulation (CoRE-tES): protocol for an international Delphi study and expert consensus process",
  "uid": "c5d58eb6-6868-5f01-87d0-d4e3959d66ce"
}