{
  "abstract": "Background Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Early detection and continuous monitoring are essential to preventing vision loss, yet traditional diagnostic tools remain largely inaccessible in low-resource settings.Purpose This scoping review aimed to map the existing evidence on the use of portable devices for the detection, diagnosis and monitoring of glaucoma.Methods We conducted a scoping review in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. A comprehensive search was performed across major databases to identify studies that evaluated handheld tonometers, portable fundus cameras and visual field testing devices. Data were extracted on study design, population characteristics, devices used, comparators and reported outcomes.Results A total of 216 studies published between 1975 and 2024 were included. Most studies (90.3%) were method agreement studies, primarily focused on intraocular pressure (IOP) devices. Only two studies evaluated all three glaucoma assessment domains (IOP, visual fields and fundus imaging). Most studies were conducted in high-income countries, with a smaller number from low- and middle-income countries. Despite variability in performance, many devices demonstrated acceptable agreement with gold standard methods and were assessed in a range of clinical and community settings.Conclusion This review highlights the range and characteristics of portable glaucoma devices and their potential for enhancing access to diagnosis and monitoring, particularly in underserved settings. However, the predominance of method agreement studies and the limited integration of multimodal assessments point to gaps in the literature. Future research should focus on comprehensive diagnostic pathways using multiple portable tools and on expanding evaluations in low-resource settings to inform policy and service planning.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK",
        "Department of Ophthalmology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria"
      ],
      "name": "Farouk Garba"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK",
        "College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria"
      ],
      "name": "Fatima Kyari"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Matthew J Burton"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Samuel Harris Adler"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Zunaira Khan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ophthalmology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria"
      ],
      "name": "Mubarak Bello"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Jennifer Evans"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Iris Gordon"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Victor H Hu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK",
        "Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Winifred Nolan"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Portable devices for the diagnosis of glaucoma: a scoping review",
  "uid": "f7ed7304-a88c-51ba-9adb-8ce04987a818"
}