{
  "abstract": "Objectives To examine chronic kidney disease (CKD) prevalence, incidence, prognosis, kidney function decline and associated risk factors among people with diabetes and/or hypertension.Design Cross-sectional multicentre study.Setting 14 primary care centres across Jakarta.Participants Adults (≥18 years) with diabetes and/or hypertension were included. Exclusion criteria were receiving kidney replacement therapy, language barrier, cognitive impairments, refusal to consent and pregnancy. Participants were grouped into three categories: hypertension only, diabetes only and both.Interventions None.Primary and secondary outcomes Primary outcomes included CKD prevalence, incidence, number-needed-to-screen, KDIGO-based prognosis and annual kidney function decline. Secondary outcomes were risk factors for CKD, uncontrolled blood glucose, blood pressure and albuminuria.Results A total of 1263 participants were enrolled: 51% had hypertension, 17.6% diabetes and 31.4% both. Mean age: 57.1±10.2 years, 72.2% female and 76% obese. Renin angiotensin aldosterone system inhibitors were prescribed in 32.3%, and only 1.2% used insulin despite a median glycated haemoglobin of 7.5% (IQR: 6.5–9.1). CKD prevalence was 14.8%, with an incidence rate of 9.1 per 100 person-years; number-needed-to-screen was 7. Based on KDIGO criteria, 48.9% were at moderate-to-very high risk of adverse outcomes. Baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate was 80.9 (SE=10.1), declining by 4.7 (SE=9.9) mL/min/1.73 m 2 annually. CKD incidence was higher with albuminuria (OR 3.6, p=0.007) in the combined group; older age (OR 4.5, p<0.001), male (OR 2.3, p=0.026) and haematuria (OR 2.5, p=0.034) in the hypertension group and cardiovascular disease (OR 14.9, p=0.004) in the diabetes group.Conclusions CKD burden is high among people with diabetes and hypertension. Nearly half were at elevated risk despite preserved kidney function, highlighting the need for targeted early screening.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia",
        "Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Ni Made Hustrini"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia"
      ],
      "name": "Endang Susalit"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Geriatric, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia",
        "Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine Unit, Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Central Jakarta, Indonesia"
      ],
      "name": "Kuntjoro Harimurti"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Puskesmas Menteng, Jakarta, Indonesia"
      ],
      "name": "Ira Susanti Haryoso"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Puskesmas Kecamatan Pulo Gadung, Jakarta, Indonesia"
      ],
      "name": "Adriana Eunike Legrans"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Puskesmas Pembantu Rawamangun, Jakarta, Indonesia"
      ],
      "name": "Kirana Damarjati"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Puskesmas Pembantu Pisangan Timur 1, Jakarta, Indonesia"
      ],
      "name": "Sitri Minangsih"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Puskesmas Pembantu Pisangan Timur II, Jakarta, Indonesia"
      ],
      "name": "Lida Nurhisan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Puskesmas Koja, Jakarta, Indonesia"
      ],
      "name": "Ma’mun Zaini"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Puskesmas Pembantu Rawa Badak Selatan, Jakarta, Indonesia"
      ],
      "name": "Sendy Oktavianti"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Puskesmas Pembantu Tugu Selatan, Jakarta, Indonesia"
      ],
      "name": "Sujie Pratiwi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Puskesmas Pembantu Koja, Jakarta, Indonesia"
      ],
      "name": "Muhammad Galih Pradesa"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Puskesmas Kebon Jeruk, Jakarta, Indonesia"
      ],
      "name": "Geby Anthony"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Puskesmas Setiabudi, Jakarta, Indonesia"
      ],
      "name": "Dwi WIgati Ratna Sari"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Puskesmas Pembantu Pasar Manggis, Jakarta, Indonesia"
      ],
      "name": "Rosa Chandra Purnama"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Puskesmas Pembantu Menteng Atas, Jakarta, Indonesia"
      ],
      "name": "Woro Rengganis Maesya Puspitasari"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Puskesmas Pembantu Karet Kuningan, Jakarta, Indonesia"
      ],
      "name": "Monica Juwita Rajagukguk"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Merel van Diepen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Joris Rotmans"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Prevalence, incidence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease in people with diabetes and hypertension, and the prognosis and kidney function decline in Indonesia: a multicentre cross-sectional study in primary care centres",
  "uid": "3d0eb7e8-ab1e-535b-9b22-68e9d7566b8a"
}