{
  "abstract": "Background Infants born to pregnant women living with HIV (WLHIV) are at greater risk for morbidity and mortality and may also have poorer developmental outcomes as compared with infants who are not exposed to HIV. Nutrition interventions in pregnancy may affect developmental outcomes.Objectives This study evaluated the effect of maternal vitamin D supplementation on infant development outcomes.Design We conducted a secondary analysis of a randomised, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial of maternal vitamin D supplementation from June 2015 to October 2019.Setting Antenatal care clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Participants Pregnant WLHIV and their offspring.Interventions Daily 3000 IU vitamin D 3 or placebo supplements taken during pregnancy and lactation.Outcome measures Infants were assessed for cognitive, language and motor development at 1 year of age with the Caregiver Reported Early Development Instruments (CREDI).Results A total of 2167 infants were eligible, and 1312 of them completed CREDI assessments at 1 year of age. Vitamin D supplementation had no effect on overall CREDI z-scores (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.03, 95% CI −0.09, 0.15, p value 0.66). There was also no evidence of a difference between vitamin D and placebo groups in language (SMD 0.06, 95% CI −0.08, 0.21, p value 0.40), motor (SMD 0.02, 95% CI −0.09, 0.14, p value 0.69) or cognitive domain z-scores (SMD 0.05, 95% CI −0.08, 0.17, p 0.48).Conclusions Maternal vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and lactation did not affect infant development outcomes.Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02305927.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Temiwunmi Shobanke"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Africa Academy for Public Health, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania"
      ],
      "name": "Alfa Muhihi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
        "Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Nandita Perumal"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Management and Development for Health, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania"
      ],
      "name": "Nzovu Ulenga"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania"
      ],
      "name": "Fadhlun M Alwy Al-Beity"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
        "Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
        "Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Christopher P Duggan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
        "Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
        "Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Wafaie W Fawzi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania"
      ],
      "name": "Karim P Manji"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
        "Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Christopher R Sudfeld"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Effect of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on the development of infants born to Tanzanian women living with HIV: a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial",
  "uid": "c96eadaf-e5a6-559e-8210-1ef81be6a284"
}