{ "abstract": "Importance Little research has been done on post-COVID symptoms at 24 months postinfection and on the association these may have on health-related quality of life (HRQOL).Objective We assessed the prevalence and severity of post-COVID symptoms and quantified EuroQol 5 Dimension 5 Level (EQ-5D-5L), self-perceived health question (EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS)) and health utility scores (HUS) up to 24 months follow-up.Design The longitudinal multiple cohort CORona Follow-Up (CORFU) study combines seven COVID-19 patient cohorts and a survey among the general public. The participants received questionnaires on several time points. Participants were stratified by: without a known SARS-CoV-2 infection (control group), proven SARS-CoV-2 infection but non-hospitalised, proven SARS-CoV-2 infection hospitalised to the ward, and proven SARS-CoV-2 infection hospitalised to the intensive care unit (ICU).Setting In this study, data of seven COVID-19 patient cohorts and a survey among the general public are included.Participants Former COVID-19 patients and controls participated in this cohort study.Main outcomes and measures Former COVID-19 patients and non-COVID-19 controls were sent questionnaires on symptoms associated with post-COVID condition. The CORFU questionnaire included 14 symptom questions on post-COVID condition using a five-level Likert-scale format. Furthermore, HRQOL was quantified using the EuroQol EQ-5D-5L questionnaire: EQ-VAS and the EQ-5D-5L utility score. The EQ-5D-5L questionnaire includes five domains that are scored on a five-point Likert scale: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression.Results A total of 901 participants (and 434 controls) responded at 24 months follow-up. In all former COVID-19 patients, the presence of post-COVID condition at 24 months was observed in 62 (42.5%, 95% CI 34.3% to 50.9%) of the non-hospitalised patients, 333 (65.0%, 95% CI 60.7% to 69.2%) of the hospitalised ward patients and 156 (63.2%, 95% CI 56.8% to 69.2%) of the ICU patients, respectively (p<0.001). The most common symptoms included fatigue, sleep problems, muscle weakness/pain and breathing issues, with hospitalised participants reporting most often having symptoms. Multiple post-COVID symptoms were significantly associated with EQ-5D-5L measures. The mean and SD of the EQ-VAS were 71.6 (17.9), 70.0 (17.3) and 71.4 (17.5) for non-hospitalised, ward and ICU participants, respectively, and 75.6 (17.7) for the controls (p<0.001). The HUS resulted in 0.81 (0.20), 0.77 (0.19) and 0.79 (0.22) for non-hospitalised, hospitalised ward and ICU participants, respectively, and 0.84 (0.19) for the control group (CG) (p<0.001).Conclusions Many former COVID-19 patients experience post-COVID symptoms at 24 months follow-up, with the highest prevalence in hospitalised participants. Also, former patients reported a lower HRQOL.Trial registration number The CORFU study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (registration number NCT05240742).", "authors": [ { "affiliations": [ "Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI) Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Dorthe O Klein" }, { "affiliations": [ "Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI) Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Sophie F Waardenburg" }, { "affiliations": [ "Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI) Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM) Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Emma B N J Janssen" }, { "affiliations": [ "Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI) Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Marieke S J N Wintjens" }, { "affiliations": [ "Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Maike Imkamp" }, { "affiliations": [ "Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Stella C M Heemskerk" }, { "affiliations": [ "EuroQol Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Erwin Birnie" }, { "affiliations": [ "EuroQol Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Gouke J Bonsel" }, { "affiliations": [ "Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Michiel C Warlé" }, { "affiliations": [ "Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Lotte M C Jacobs" }, { "affiliations": [ "Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI) Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Rehabilitation Medicine, Functioning, Participation & Rehabilitation, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Adelante Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Hoensbroek, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Bea Hemmen" }, { "affiliations": [ "Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI) Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Rehabilitation Medicine, Functioning, Participation & Rehabilitation, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Adelante Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Hoensbroek, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Jeanine Verbunt" }, { "affiliations": [ "Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI) Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM) Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Bas C T van Bussel" }, { "affiliations": [ "Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Susanne van Santen" }, { "affiliations": [ "Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA", "Department of Cardiology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Heerlen, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Bas L J H Kietelaer" }, { "affiliations": [ "Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Department of Cardiology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Heerlen, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Gwyneth Jansen" }, { "affiliations": [ "Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Frederikus A Klok" }, { "affiliations": [ "Department of Pulmonology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Heerlen, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Martijn D de Kruif" }, { "affiliations": [ "Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM) Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Kevin Vernooy" }, { "affiliations": [ "Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Juanita A Haagsma" }, { "affiliations": [ "Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands", "The National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK", "Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK" ], "name": "Folkert W Asselbergs" }, { "affiliations": [ "Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands", "Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Marijke Linschoten" }, { "affiliations": [ "Department of Family Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Jochen W L Cals" }, { "affiliations": [ "Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM) Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Thrombosis Expert Centre Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Hugo Ten Cate" }, { "affiliations": [ "Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM) Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Iwan C C van der Horst" }, { "affiliations": [ "Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM) Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Nick Wilmes" }, { "affiliations": [ "Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI) Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM) Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands", "EuroQol Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands", "Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands", "Rehabilitation Medicine, Functioning, Participation & Rehabilitation, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Adelante Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Hoensbroek, The Netherlands", "Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA", "Department of Cardiology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Heerlen, The Netherlands", "Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands", "Department of Pulmonology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Heerlen, The Netherlands", "Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands", "The National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK", "Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK", "Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands", "Department of Family Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Thrombosis Expert Centre Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands" ], "name": "CAPACITY-COVID Collaborative Consortium" }, { "affiliations": [ "Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM) Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Chahinda Ghossein-Doha" }, { "affiliations": [ "Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands", "Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI) Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands" ], "name": "Sander M J van Kuijk" } ], "title": "Two years and counting: a prospective cohort study on the scope and severity of post-COVID symptoms across diverse patient groups in the Netherlands—insights from the CORFU study", "uid": "63a5276d-0ad6-5db3-bcc5-3ac13d00e70a" }