{
  "abstract": "Purpose The Kun–Qi birth cohort (KQBC) was established to investigate the incidence, aetiology and risk factors of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in early childhood (0–6 years). Additionally, the study analysed developmental phenotypic trajectories and their associated paediatric diseases.Participants Infants registered or residing in Kunshan and Qidong, Jiangsu Province, who participated in the Chinese Child Healthcare Programme (0–6 years) were enrolled. The baseline population was stratified into enhanced and basic cohorts. General characteristics, periconceptional and perinatal information and health check-up data were collected from each participant. Dual screening (urinary ultrasound and urine dipstick tests) was conducted during scheduled check-ups. Structured CKD questionnaires were administered, and biosamples (urine and dried blood spots) were obtained for the long-term storage and analysis using standard procedures. Based on the proposed referral procedure, participants with abnormal results were referred for further diagnosis and evaluation.Findings to date The KQBC enrolled 10 127 infants (5392 boys and 4735 girls) with a mean age of 2.11±1.68 months. Urinary system ultrasound and urine dipstick screening showed positivity rates of 8.9% (900/10 083) and 6.5% (532/8233), respectively. Baseline ultrasound screening facilitated timely surgical intervention in six children. Among the 7965 respondents, only 13% demonstrated awareness of paediatric CKD. Additionally, 7273 dried blood spots and 7990 urine specimens were collected and stored. A paediatric CKD screening platform was developed.Future plans According to our plan, the KQBC will be followed up for 3–6 years to investigate the incidence, aetiology and risk factors of early onset CKD. In-depth developmental phenotypes, such as urinary multiomics and ultrasound imaging, should be studied for longitudinal paediatric kidney health. We aim to develop multimodal risk prediction models by integrating genomics and artificial intelligence algorithms. The KQBC also enables prospective cohort studies addressing extensive research questions.Trial registration number NCT06018831.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China",
        "Shanghai Kidney Development and Paediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China"
      ],
      "name": "Yiwen Shen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China",
        "Shanghai Kidney Development and Paediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China"
      ],
      "name": "Tianyi Liu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China",
        "Shanghai Kidney Development and Paediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China"
      ],
      "name": "Jiaojiao Liu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Children’s Hospital of Fudan University at Kunshan, Kunshan Women’s and Children’s Health Hospital, Kunshan, China"
      ],
      "name": "Xia Han"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Children’s Hospital of Fudan University at Qidong, Qidong Women’s and Children’s Health Hospital, Qidong, China"
      ],
      "name": "Juanjuan Wu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Clinical Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"
      ],
      "name": "Li Xie"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"
      ],
      "name": "Xingdong Chen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"
      ],
      "name": "Biao Xu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ultrasonography, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China"
      ],
      "name": "Yinghua Sun"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Children’s Hospital of Fudan University at Kunshan, Kunshan Women’s and Children’s Health Hospital, Kunshan, China"
      ],
      "name": "Suxiang Xu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Children’s Hospital of Fudan University at Kunshan, Kunshan Women’s and Children’s Health Hospital, Kunshan, China"
      ],
      "name": "Qinyi Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Children’s Hospital of Fudan University at Kunshan, Kunshan Women’s and Children’s Health Hospital, Kunshan, China"
      ],
      "name": "Na Xie"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Children’s Hospital of Fudan University at Qidong, Qidong Women’s and Children’s Health Hospital, Qidong, China"
      ],
      "name": "Linlin Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Children’s Hospital of Fudan University at Kunshan, Kunshan Women’s and Children’s Health Hospital, Kunshan, China"
      ],
      "name": "Jianfeng Ji"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Children’s Hospital of Fudan University at Kunshan, Kunshan Women’s and Children’s Health Hospital, Kunshan, China"
      ],
      "name": "Weizhi Mo"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ultrasonography, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China"
      ],
      "name": "Yuanxin Liu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Children’s Hospital of Fudan University at Qidong, Qidong Women’s and Children’s Health Hospital, Qidong, China"
      ],
      "name": "Xinghua Shi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Children’s Hospital of Fudan University at Qidong, Qidong Women’s and Children’s Health Hospital, Qidong, China"
      ],
      "name": "Jun Shen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Children’s Hospital of Fudan University at Qidong, Qidong Women’s and Children’s Health Hospital, Qidong, China",
        "Department of Paediatrics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China"
      ],
      "name": "Wanshan Qiu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Children’s Hospital of Fudan University at Kunshan, Kunshan Women’s and Children’s Health Hospital, Kunshan, China"
      ],
      "name": "Jian Huang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China",
        "Shanghai Kidney Development and Paediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China"
      ],
      "name": "Qian Shen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China",
        "Shanghai Kidney Development and Paediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China"
      ],
      "name": "Yihui Zhai"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China",
        "Shanghai Kidney Development and Paediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China"
      ],
      "name": "Hong Xu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [],
      "name": "On behalf of the KQBC group"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Kun–Qi birth cohort (KQBC) study for the incidence, aetiology and risk factors of chronic kidney disease in Chinese children: a cohort profile",
  "uid": "64023045-9ed1-5498-aa27-1764ab7f9829"
}