{
  "abstract": "Objectives To estimate the prevalence of established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (eASCVD) and the prevalence of ASCVD high-risk patients as defined by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) among the Egyptian population of the Prevalence and Clinical Management of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (PACT)-Middle East and Africa study.Design An observational, multicentre, cross-sectional study.Setting Eight secondary care centres in Egypt.Participants 550 adult males and females who provided informed consent and had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for at least 180 days. Participants were excluded if they had participated previously in the study, had been diagnosed with T1DM, experienced mental incapacity, were unwilling to participate, had a known language barrier precluding adequate understanding or cooperation or had a known congenital heart disease or malformation.Primary and secondary outcome measures The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with eASCVD, while the secondary outcome was the proportion of patients with T2D with high risk of ASCVD and without eASCVD.Results Prevalence of eASCVD was 108/550 (19.6%, 95% CI 16.5% to 23.2%), and the prevalence of high risk for ASCVD in the population without eASCVD was 378/442 (85.5%, 95% CI 81.9% to 88.5%). Approximately 99% of the study population was categorised as ESC very high risk or high risk for CVD. On assessing utilisation of antidiabetic medications with cardiovascular benefit, only 20% were receiving sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, and 3% were receiving glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues.Conclusions The prevalence of eASCVD and high risk for ASCVD in Egypt is alarming, and the inadequate pharmacological control increases the ASCVD burden in the T2DM population. This calls for immediate, comprehensive action to reassess T2DM care.Trial registration number NCT05317845.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Diabetes, Lipidology & Metabolism, Alexandria University Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria, Egypt"
      ],
      "name": "Samir H Assaad-Khalil"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Internal Medicine, National Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Cairo, Egypt"
      ],
      "name": "Atef Bassyouni"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Novo Nordisk Egypt LLC, New Cairo, Egypt",
        "Department of Pediatrics, Diabetes Unit, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt"
      ],
      "name": "Dalia Toaima"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Endocrinology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt"
      ],
      "name": "Hanan Sotouhy Gawish"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Endocrinology, National Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Cairo, Egypt"
      ],
      "name": "Hesham El Hefnawy"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Diabetes, Lipidology & Metabolism, Alexandria University Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria, Egypt"
      ],
      "name": "Magdy Megallaa"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt"
      ],
      "name": "Manal Abushady"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Menoufia University, Faculty of Medicine, Shebin El Kom, Menoufia, Egypt"
      ],
      "name": "Nabil ElKafrawy"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Endocrinology Unit, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt"
      ],
      "name": "Salwa Seddik Hosny"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Novo Nordisk Egypt LLC, New Cairo, Egypt"
      ],
      "name": "Tarek Mohamed Massoud"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Prevalence and risk factors of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in Egyptians with type 2 diabetes: findings from the PACT-MEA study and call for action",
  "uid": "19e2d85d-9384-5a0c-940f-88b47fe333eb"
}