{
  "abstract": "Objective Low-middle-income countries (LMICs) have increased their participation in international oncology trials. However, considerable disparities in treatment standards across countries have raised ethical concerns regarding the use of control arms that may not align with the established standards of care in high-income countries. This trial aims to describe the control arms of randomised oncology trials recruiting in Brazil, an LMIC where the majority of patients receive care through the public health system, the Unified Health System (SUS), which provides limited access to cancer treatments.Methods and analysis This cross-sectional study included randomised clinical trials recruiting in Brazil on 4 December 2023 (ClinicalTrials.gov). Abstracted data included sample size, sponsor, tumour site, study phase and control arm. Two independent investigators classified control arms as superior, equal or inferior based on National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), Brazilian private insurance and SUS standards. Data were summarised in means, medians and proportions. Fisher’s exact test compared categories. A p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results A total of 98 studies were included. The median intended sample size was 555 patients (54–6000). Most studies were phase 3 (84.7%) and pharma-sponsored (97%). Lung (29.6%) and breast (24.4%) were the most commonly studied tumour sites. Regarding treatment setting, 23 studies (23.5%) were (neo)adjuvant trials, 48 (49.0%) first-line and 27 (27.5%) second-line or later. Overall, 80 (81.7%), 82 (83.7%) and 58 studies (59.1%) employed control arms considered equivalent to the standards of NCCN, private insurance and SUS, respectively. 18 studies (18.3%) had a suboptimal control arm according to NCCN guidelines, while 16 studies (16.3%) according to Brazilian private insurance. No studies used control arms inferior to SUS standards. Of the 18 control arms inferior to NCCN, 3 were superior and 15 were equal to standard of care offered by SUS. No studies had their control arms superior to NCCN or private insurance; whereas, 40 (40.9%) were superior to SUS.Conclusion A significant number of studies employed control arms inferior to NCCN guidelines; however, these were considered superior or equal to the standards offered by SUS. Such discrepancies may hinder the appropriate interpretation of study findings.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Medical Oncology, Hospital de Base, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Ana Elisa Boracini Sanches"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Medical Oncology, Hospital de Base, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Luiza Aleixo Barros Leite Fadul"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Debora Aparecida Pires de Campos Zuccari"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Medical Oncology, Hospital de Base, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Beatriz de Menezes Dobbert"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Medical Oncology, Hospital de Base, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Lorena Forner"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Medical Oncology, Hospital de Base, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Júlia Belone Lopes"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Daniel Vilarim Araujo"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Analysis of control arms in oncology randomised trials in Brazil: a cross-sectional study",
  "uid": "82111e9a-eda8-5988-b03a-7f3151bde508"
}