{
  "abstract": "Objective To estimate the associations between gestational weight gain and maternal immediate perinatal and postpartum outcomes by pooling data from low and middle income countries.Design Individual participant data meta-analyses.Data sources PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, based on three searches (Search 1: all prospective studies published from January 2000 to May 2021; Search 2: randomized controlled trials of balanced energy and protein supplementation published until June 2021; Search 3: randomized controlled trials of anti-infectious agents published until August 2021).Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Prospective studies (randomised controlled trials or observational cohort studies) with measured maternal weight during pregnancy and data available on maternal height, based in populations from low and middle income countries with no underlying conditions.Results The analyses included 156 300 women from 61 studies and 23 countries, with most participants based in South Asia (n=78 454, 50.2%) and sub-Saharan Africa (n=36 327, 23.2%). Compared with women with adequate (90-125%) gestational weight gain, women with excessive (>125%) gestational weight gain had a higher risk of caesarean delivery (risk ratio 1.10, 95% confidence interval 1.06 to 1.13, τ 2=0.000) and emergency caesarean delivery (risk ratio 1.22, 1.03 to 1.43, τ2=0.000). Women with moderately (70% to <90%) or severely inadequate (<70%) versus adequate gestational weight gain had lower risks for caesarean delivery (risk ratio in women with moderately inadequate gestational weight gain 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.84 to 0.92, τ2=0.004; risk ratio in women with severely inadequate gestational weight gain 0.82, 0.77 to 0.88, τ2=0.010) and emergency caesarean delivery (risk ratio in moderately inadequate gestational weight gain 0.82, 0.71 to 0.95, τ2=0.004; risk ratio in severely inadequate gestational weight gain 0.73, 0.56 to 0.96, τ2=0.103). Excessive versus adequate gestational weight gain was associated with higher postpartum weight retained at any time point (mean difference 2.00 kg, 95% confidence interval 1.49 to 2.50, τ2=1.317), whereas moderately and severely inadequate gestational weight gain were associated with lower retained weight compared with adequate gestational weight gain. Similar trends were found for postpartum body mass index. Severely inadequate gestational weight gain was associated with lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure at any time point post partum than adequate gestational weight gain. No associations were observed for other outcomes including postpartum depressive symptoms or breastfeeding. Evidence indicating an interaction between gestational weight gain and body mass index before pregnancy was found when examining the risk of caesarean delivery and postpartum weight retention, body mass index, and systolic blood pressure as outcomes.Conclusions These findings support the association between suboptimal gestational weight gain and adverse maternal outcomes in the immediate perinatal and postpartum periods. Further research examining the consequences of suboptimal gestational weight gain in low and middle income countries would be valuable to inform potential strategies to improve long term maternal health.Review registration PROSPERO CRD42023432836",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA",
        "Isaac Centre for Public Health, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India"
      ],
      "name": "Uttara Partap"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA",
        "Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Janaína Calu Costa"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
        "Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Enju Liu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA",
        "World Vegetable Center, Bangkok, Thailand"
      ],
      "name": "Ilana R Cliffer"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Global and Community Health, College of Public Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Dongqing Wang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
        "Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA",
        "Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Molin Wang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cytel, India, on behalf of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Sudeer Kumar Nookala"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "DVPL Tech, Dubai, UAE"
      ],
      "name": "Vishak Subramoney"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Certara USA, on behalf of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Brittany Briggs"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Ajibola Ibraheem Abioye"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institut de Recherche Clinique du Benin, Abomey-Calavi, Benin"
      ],
      "name": "Manfred Accrombessi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana"
      ],
      "name": "Seth Adu-Afarwuah"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan"
      ],
      "name": "Sheraz Ahmed"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda"
      ],
      "name": "Hellen Akurut"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "JiVitA Project, Rangpur, Bangladesh",
        "Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Hasmot Ali"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan"
      ],
      "name": "Asad Ali"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Joao Guilherme Alves"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda"
      ],
      "name": "Teddy Andra"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Carla Adriane Leal de Araújo"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium"
      ],
      "name": "Alemayehu Argaw"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"
      ],
      "name": "Shams Arifeen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Education and Research (INSPER), Sao Paulo, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Rinaldo Artes"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"
      ],
      "name": "Per Ashorn"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"
      ],
      "name": "Ulla Ashorn"
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    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Endocrine Research Centre, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"
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      "name": "Fereidoun Azizi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Unit of Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa"
      ],
      "name": "Bowen Banda"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana"
      ],
      "name": "Ahmed Tijani Bawah"
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    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India"
      ],
      "name": "Nita Bhandari"
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    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada",
        "Institute for Global Health & Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan"
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      "name": "Zulfiqar A Bhutta"
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    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) EMR 271, Bordeaux Population Health Centre, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France"
      ],
      "name": "Valerie Briand"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Former Head, Department of Nutrition, Mother & Child Health Direction, Ministry of Health, Buenos Aires, Argentina"
      ],
      "name": "Elvira Beatriz Calvo"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Marly Augusto Cardoso"
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    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Marcia Caldas de Castro"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Jose Guilherme Cecatti"
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    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Nutrition and Bioprogramming Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Lomas de Virreyes, Mexico City, Mexico"
      ],
      "name": "Gabriela Chico-Barba"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India"
      ],
      "name": "Ranadip Chowdhury"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Parul Christian"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Shalean Collins"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "UCL Insitute for Global Health, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Anthony Costello"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Kathryn G Dewey"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Blantyre Malaria Project, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi"
      ],
      "name": "Titus H Divala"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Jamille Gregório Dombrowski"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Postgraduate Studies Programme in Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Michele Drehmer"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA",
        "Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
        "Department of Nutrition, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Christopher P Duggan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Nutrition, St John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India"
      ],
      "name": "Pratibha Dwarkanath"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda",
        "London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Alison M Elliott"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "National Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia"
      ],
      "name": "Davaasambuu Enkhmaa"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Daniel Erchick"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Immunobiochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología (Mexico City), Mexico City, Mexico"
      ],
      "name": "Guadalupe Estrada-Gutierrez"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Frankie J Fair"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"
      ],
      "name": "Henrik Friis"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Center for Research in Nutrition & Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico"
      ],
      "name": "Jimena Fritz"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, Bodø, Nordland, Norway"
      ],
      "name": "Samira Behboudi Gandevani"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
        "Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
        "Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Davaasumbuu Ganmaa"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico"
      ],
      "name": "Armando García-Guerra"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Alison D Gernand"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe"
      ],
      "name": "Exnevia Gomo"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "UNC Project, Tidziwe Centre, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Central Region, Malawi"
      ],
      "name": "Austrida Gondwe"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Nutrition and Bioprogramming Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City, Mexico"
      ],
      "name": "Isabel González-Ludlow"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Epicentre, Paris, France"
      ],
      "name": "Rebecca Grais"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Epicentre Niger, Niamey, Niger"
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      "name": "Ousmane Guindo"
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    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"
      ],
      "name": "Lotta Hallamaa"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
        "Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
        "Center on Emerging Infectious Disease, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Davidson H Hamer"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium"
      ],
      "name": "Giles Hanley-Cook"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Nazi Boni University, Bobo-Dioulasso, Hauts-Bassins, Burkina Faso"
      ],
      "name": "Alain Hien"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium",
        "Nutrition, Diets, and Health Unit, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA"
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      "name": "Lieven Huybregts"
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      "affiliations": [
        "Epicentre, Paris, France"
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      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan"
      ],
      "name": "Fyezah Jehan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Gilberto Kac"
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    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda"
      ],
      "name": "Richard Kajubi"
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      "affiliations": [
        "Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda"
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      "name": "Abel Kakuru"
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    {
      "affiliations": [
        "UNC Global Projects – Zambia, LLC, Lusaka, Zambia"
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      "name": "Margaret P Kasaro"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Joanne Katz"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project-Sarlahi, Kathmandu, Nepal"
      ],
      "name": "Subarna K Khatry"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Nancy F Krebs"
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    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Reproductive Medicine and Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India"
      ],
      "name": "Pratap Kumar"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Physiology, St John's Medical College, Bangalore, India"
      ],
      "name": "Anura V Kurpad"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium"
      ],
      "name": "Carl Lachat"
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    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project-Sarlahi, Kathmandu, Nepal"
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      "name": "Tsering Pema Lama"
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    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Perinatal Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico"
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      "name": "Hector Lamadrid-Figueroa"
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    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante (IRSS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"
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      "name": "Hermann Lanou"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana"
      ],
      "name": "Anna Lartey"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Miriam K Laufer"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore",
        "Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore"
      ],
      "name": "See Ling Loy"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Nutrition, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia"
      ],
      "name": "Nur Indrawaty Lipoeto"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Faculty of Medicine, Nutrition School, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina"
      ],
      "name": "Laura Beatriz López"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Liania Alves Luzia"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh",
        "Shield Pharmaceuticals, Hauppauge, NY, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Abdullah Mahmud"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India"
      ],
      "name": "G Arun Maiya"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Malawi, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi"
      ],
      "name": "Kenneth Maleta"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Mother and Infant Research Activities (MIRA), Kathmandu, Nepal"
      ],
      "name": "Dharma S Manandhar"
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    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Mark J Manary"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Malawi, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi"
      ],
      "name": "Charles Mangani"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Claudio Romero Farias Marinho"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico"
      ],
      "name": "Hugo Martínez-Rojano"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Susana L Matias"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Alicia Matijasevich"
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        "RTI International, Durham, NC, USA"
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      "name": "Elizabeth M McClure"
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      "affiliations": [
        "Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Sotero S Mengue"
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      "affiliations": [
        "University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Joshua D Miller"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Women and Children’s Health, King’s College London, London, UK",
        "MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia"
      ],
      "name": "Sophie E Moore"
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      "affiliations": [
        "School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia"
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      "name": "Marhazlina Mohamad"
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      "affiliations": [
        "Nutrition Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia"
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      "name": "Hamid Jan Jan Mohamed"
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      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Non-communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"
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      "name": "Malay Kanti Mridha"
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    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"
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      "name": "Ferdinand M Mugusi"
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      "affiliations": [
        "VITAL Pakistan Trust, Karachi, Pakistan"
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      "name": "Ameer Muhammad"
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      "affiliations": [
        "Africa Academy for Public Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"
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      "name": "Alfa Muhihi"
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      "affiliations": [
        "Center for Research in Nutrition & Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico"
      ],
      "name": "T Verenice Muñoz-Rocha"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University of Zambia School of Public Health, Lusaka, Zambia"
      ],
      "name": "Wilbroad Mutale"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Lynnette M Neufeld"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Phuong Hong Nguyen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Postgraduate Studies Program in Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Maria Angélica Antunes Nunes"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea"
      ],
      "name": "Maria Ome-Kaius"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "UCL Insitute for Global Health, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "David Osrin"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Malaria Alert Centre, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi"
      ],
      "name": "Noel Patson"
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    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"
      ],
      "name": "Andrea B Pembe"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Nutrition and Bioprogramming Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología (Mexico City), Mexico City, Mexico"
      ],
      "name": "Otilia Perichart-Perera"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Karen E Peterson"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Parasitology/Medical Entomology, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"
      ],
      "name": "Zul Premji"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia"
      ],
      "name": "Andrew M Prentice"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centro de Investigación en Evaluación y Encuestas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico"
      ],
      "name": "Amado D Quezada-Sánchez"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan"
      ],
      "name": "Najeeb Rahman"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India"
      ],
      "name": "Preetha Ramachandra"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Usha Ramakrishnan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute for Global Health & Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan"
      ],
      "name": "Arjumand Rizvi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Medicine, Namur University, Namur, Belgium",
        "Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre, Brussels, Brussels-Capital Region, Belgium"
      ],
      "name": "Dominique Roberfroid"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Divisão de Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Patricia Lima Rodrigues"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, Doherty Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Stephen J Rogerson"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Patricia HC Rondó"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Pediatrics and the Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Daniel E Roth"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Nutrition and Bioprogramming Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología (Mexico City), Mexico City, Mexico"
      ],
      "name": "Reyna Sámano"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University College London Institute for Global Health, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Naomi M Saville"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Maria Inês Schmidt"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
        "Ariadne Labs, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Katherine EA Semrau"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
        "Centre of Excellence for Trauma and Emergencies and Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan",
        "Global Advancement of Infants and Mothers (AIM), Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Yasir Shafiq"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "JiVitA Project, Rangpur, Bangladesh",
        "Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Saijuddin Shaikh"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Health Research & Develop Forum (HRDF), Kathmandu, Nepal"
      ],
      "name": "Bhim P Shrestha"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "José Roberto Da Silva, Jr"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Hora Soltani"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan"
      ],
      "name": "Sajid Soofi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Multidisciplinary Centre, Federal University of Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Rodrigo Medeiros Martorano"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Renato Teixeira Souza"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health and SA-MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"
      ],
      "name": "Dan J Stein"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Jeffrey SA Stringer"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA",
        "Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
        "Department of Nutrition, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Christopher R Sudfeld"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India"
      ],
      "name": "Sunita Taneja"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"
      ],
      "name": "Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Biostatistics, St John's Medical College, Bangalore, India"
      ],
      "name": "Tinku Thomas"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA"
      ],
      "name": "James M Tielsch"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium",
        "Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Health Sciences Research Institute (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso"
      ],
      "name": "Laéticia Céline Toe"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Holger W Unger"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"
      ],
      "name": "Willy Urassa"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Faculty of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Juliana dos Santos Vaz"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Audêncio Victor"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Emily L Webb"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Keith P West, Jr"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "School of Human Ecology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Elizabeth Widen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Paediatrics and Child Health and SA-MRC unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"
      ],
      "name": "Lesley Workman"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Robert O Wright"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Lee Shu Fune Wu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Sera L Young"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Paediatrics and Child Health and SA-MRC unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"
      ],
      "name": "Heather Zar"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi’an, People's Republic of China"
      ],
      "name": "Lingxia Zeng"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA",
        "Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
        "Department of Nutrition, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Wafaie W Fawzi"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Gestational weight gain and maternal immediate perinatal and postpartum outcomes in low and middle income countries: individual participant data meta-analyses",
  "uid": "a590bbbe-13b5-52e4-9f00-146f941a9992"
}