{
  "abstract": "Background How user-centred prototyping is carried out to solve adult critical care issues depends on the unique characteristics of this context. This review aimed to characterise prototyping in the context of critical care in terms of the types of prototypes developed, activities used to generate prototypes and settings in which prototypes were generated.Methods Four databases (PubMed, CINAHL, SCOPUS and IEEExplore) were searched for articles published from inception to 25 September 2025, in English, that involved prototyping to address issues in adult critical care. Two reviewers independently screened the search results to identify eligible articles and reviewed retained articles.Results 22 of 860 articles met the eligibility criteria. Role, look and feel, implementation and integration prototype types which combined two or more of these prototypes were identified. Prototypes addressing both role and look and feel were most common. 10 prototyping activities were reported, namely sketching, storyboarding, interactivity simulation, digitalising and adapting paper-based forms, rank ordering, building a functional device model, survey for item selection, card sorting, adapting a predeveloped high-tech prototype to a low-tech version, and revising existing workflow. Six of 22 articles reported multiple activities. Sketching was the most often used activity, and the in-person hospital setting was the most reported.Conclusions Overall, there was a lack of reporting on the details of the prototyping processes. Such details could help future researchers anticipate the unique challenges of prototyping to develop solutions to solve adult critical care issues, learn from prior successful experiences and better plan strategies to address these challenges.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Center for Education in Health Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA",
        "Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Lixuan Cong"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Center for Education in Health Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Tubanji Walubita"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Center for Education in Health Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA",
        "Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Richard A Epstein"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA",
        "Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Julie Johnson"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Galter Health Sciences Library, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Molly Beestrum"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Egide Abahuje"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA"
      ],
      "name": "John D Slocum"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Jane L Holl"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Segal Design Institute, Northwestern University McCormick School of Engineering, Evanston, IL, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Bruce Ankenman"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Anne M Stey"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Andrew Berry"
    }
  ],
  "title": "User-centred prototyping solutions to solve adult critical care issues: a scoping review",
  "uid": "2fb07db5-981b-5913-82b6-2073ba998e7b"
}