{
  "abstract": "Beginning in the 1980s and 1990s, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank implemented neoliberal structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) across most countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. SAPs imposed austerity, privatisation and economic deregulation and have been associated with severe negative impacts on human welfare, including (a) declining real wages and working-class consumption in some regions, (b) increased rates of poverty and basic-needs deprivation, (c) increased neonatal, infant, child and maternal mortality and (d) reduced health system access. Structural adjustment also created conditions for increased financial outflows and drain from the global South through unequal exchange. This paper reviews evidence of these damages and proposes possible options for reparations and distributive justice. We argue that the IMF and the World Bank should be democratised and restructured—or otherwise replaced by alternative institutions—to prevent further harm.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA-UAB), Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain",
        "ICREA, Barcelona, Spain",
        "Department of Political Science and Public Law, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Jason Hickel"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
        "Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Salmaan Keshavjee"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "William S. Richardson School of Law, University of Hawai’i, Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai’i, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Maxine Burkett"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
        "Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Eugene T Richardson"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Structural adjustment: damages, reparations and pathways to non-recurrence",
  "uid": "005a25e2-12ea-5f72-bb03-7ff3862c4d43"
}