{
  "abstract": "Introduction Repeated exposure to domestic violence (DV) is common among women; however, little is known about how women’s experiences of DV change over time. This study explores transitions in women’s experience of physical DV over a 19-year period (2001–2020) and identifies risk and protective factors for such transitions in violence using data from the MINIMat cohort study in rural Bangladesh.Methods Data on physical DV were collected using a modified Conflict Tactic Scale from a cohort of 1078 women, from Matlab, a rural subdistrict of Bangladesh, recruited during pregnancy and followed up 10 and 18 years after the birth of the index child. Discrete-time Markov Chain and covariate-dependent Markov models were used to identify transitions across time points and associated and risk and protective factors among women who transitioned from: (1) no lifetime violence at enrolment to victimisation at 10-year follow-up and (2) lifetime victimisation at enrolment to revictimisation at 10-year follow-up. Risk and protective factors for revictimisation at 18-year follow-up were also identified.Results Most women reporting lifetime physical DV at enrolment experienced revictimisation at 10-year follow-up (70%), while 30% of women without prior experience of DV reported new victimisation. Revictimisation was lower at 18-year follow-up among women victimised at both prior points (30%). Low agency in decision-making and high agency in mobility increased likelihood of physical DV at 10-year follow-up regardless of violence status at enrolment. Living with in-laws protected against revictimisation at 10-year follow-up (adjusted OR (aOR) 2.53; 95% CI 1.30 to 4.91). Higher age (aOR 0.87; 95% CI 0.80 to 0.95) and non-governmental organisation (NGO) membership (aOR 0.23; 95% CI 0.09 to 0.55) reduced risk of revictimisation at 18-year follow-up.Conclusion Findings highlight the complex nature of women’s empowerment and its evolving relationship with DV over time. Tailored approaches to empowerment and targeting older women in NGO programmes may offer long-term protection.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh"
      ],
      "name": "Ruchira Tabassum Naved"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh",
        "Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology (IBE), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Jannatul Ferdous Antu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh"
      ],
      "name": "Mahfuz Al Mamun"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Kausar Parvin"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Food Studies, Nutrition and Dietetics, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden",
        "Department of Women's and Children’s Health",
        "International Child Health and Nutrition, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"
      ],
      "name": "Shirin Ziaei"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Transitions in women’s experience of physical domestic violence during 2001–2020 and related risk and protective factors: the MINIMat longitudinal cohort study in rural Bangladesh",
  "uid": "797709ac-e6f3-5a3e-9ce5-9ec83b186d9c"
}