{
  "abstract": "Background Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has been one of the most significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The escalating frequency and complexity of global health threats—from pandemics like COVID-19 to climate change-induced emergencies—have elevated the imperative for stronger and more resilient health systems in the MENA region and the world over. In this paper, we introduce a tool designed to offer a comprehensive and engaging approach to assessing health system resilience and emergency preparedness and response capabilities, and articulate the tool’s value add in the MENA region.Methods We developed the tool following a three-step approach consisting of (1) definition of purpose and scope of tool, (2) item generation and reduction and (3) testing for content and face validity given the MENA region’s context. The Health System Resiliency Analysis Framework was adapted as the guiding framework for tool development.Results The tool offers a comprehensive and adaptable approach to self-assessment of health system resilience, using a multisectoral platform that enables continuous learning and improvement. The novelty of the tool resides in its potential to yield practical priority actions that need to be considered at all levels. The current version of the tool includes five components: (1) financing arrangements; (2) governance arrangements; (3) health system resources, public health and service delivery; (4) data and information systems; and (5) political and socioeconomic context. Each of the components consists of various subcomponents (22 in total). Each subcomponent is assessed using a mix of quantitative and qualitative indicators (99 indicators in total). On that basis, each subcomponent is scored to reflect the maturity of the country’s capacity in that specific area.Conclusion The proposed tool will address the limitations of the existing assessment instruments. We invite others to contribute with additional real-life implementation of the tool.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon"
      ],
      "name": "Fadi El-Jardali"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "World Bank, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Priyanka D Kanth"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "World Bank, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Son-Nam Nguyen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "World Bank, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Sherin Varkey"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "World Bank, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Denizhan Duran"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "World Bank, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Rekha Menon"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon"
      ],
      "name": "Racha Fadlallah"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Harvard Kennedy School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Ammar Malek"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "UK Health Security Agency, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Vageesh Jain"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Majd Saleh"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Laura Buback"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Michael Reid"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Emergency preparedness and health system resilience assessment tool: development and initial validation",
  "uid": "a3af4471-4b21-50e1-9e16-983068c0b173"
}