{
  "abstract": "Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) refers to the ability of microbes—bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites—to survive exposure to drugs that previously cleared them. Mostly, assessments of AMR in research papers and high-level policy documents focus on antibacterial resistance (ABR), sidelining viruses, fungi and parasites. For instance, we know that in 2019 ABR caused around 1.27 million deaths and was associated with 4.95 million deaths. 1 We do not know how many further deaths were associated with or attributable to fungal, parasitic or viral AMR. AMR has negative implications for humans, animals and the environment, including increased morbidity and mortality and unbalanced ecosystems.2 AMR’s effects in the environment include exacerbating the effects of climate change, affecting animal health and reducing microbial diversity in essential reservoirs for ecosystem functioning such as soil.3 Approaches to addressing AMR often focus on either innovation (development of new antibiotics or alternative therapies) or stewardship (optimising use of antimicrobials). However, concerns have been raised about the injustices associated with some stewardship measures. Often, the people whose suboptimal consumption of antibiotics is targeted through stewardship measures are those who are most disadvantaged, for example, low-income parents looking for antibiotics for their children. There are clear ethical tensions between these groups’ interests and those of the general (present and future) population.4",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK",
        "Ethox Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Tess Johnson"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand",
        "Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Lorenz von Seidlein"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand",
        "Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Phaik Yeong Cheah"
    }
  ],
  "title": "A just war on bugs? Ethical differences between antimalarial resistance and antibacterial resistance",
  "uid": "80961166-418b-5b5c-8e9d-bb53c32cbd4e"
}