{
  "abstract": "Objective Inadequate bowel preparation impairs the accuracy of colonoscopy and increases the burden on patients and healthcare systems. Consequently, the quality of bowel preparation is an important quality indicator. We aim to develop and validate multivariable prognostic models for the identification of patients at risk of inadequate bowel preparation using machine learning (ML).Methods Demographic and clinical data from consecutive patients ≥18 years of age who underwent colonoscopy at six centres in Germany were prospectively collected. Adequate bowel preparation was defined as Boston Bowel Preparation Scale ≥6 with a value ≥2 in each colonic segment. We used statistical and ML methods to build prognostic models and to compare them to published models.Results Overall, we analysed 2652 patients, including 699 (26.4%) inpatient procedures. The mean patient age was 57.6 years (SD 16 years), and 48.9% were women. In 1401 (52.8%) patients, the indication was screening or surveillance, and 1035 (39%) patients had a first-time colonoscopy. The rate of inadequate bowel preparation was 16%. Sensitivities, specificities and areas under the curve of predictive models obtained by generalised boosting models, Ranger, support vector machine (radial), CatBoost and Net Regularised Generalised Linear Models were 0.51–0.86, 0.52–0.83 and 0.71–0.74, respectively. They were only marginally superior to a logistic regression model. All models had high negative predictive values >0.9 for inadequate bowel preparation. To detect one patient with inadequate bowel preparation, 8–10 patients need to be evaluated.Conclusions Predictive models to identify patients at risk for inadequate bowel preparation obtained by ML showed comparable results compared with a logistic regression model.Trial registration number DRKS00018878.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Medicine, Essen, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Christoph Schramm"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Diabetology, Endocrinology, Metabolic Disease and Nutrition, St. Katharinen-Hospital GmbH, Frechen, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Carolin Hehn"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Praxis Stollenwerk, Cologne, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Harald Curth"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Gastroenterologie Remscheid, Remscheid, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Ingo Scheller"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Magen Darm Zentrum Wiener Platz, Cologne, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Jan-Hinnerk Weingaertner"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Internal Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany",
        "Praxis Dres. Reichert, Nufringen, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Matthias Christian Reichert"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Philipp Kasper"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Dilan Bozal"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Gabriel Allo"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Internal Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany",
        "Caritas Klinikum Saarbruecken, Saarbrücken, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Markus Casper"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Internal Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany",
        "Caritas Klinikum Saarbruecken, Saarbrücken, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Thomas Adams"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Medicine, Essen, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Leonie Jochheim"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Medicine, Essen, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Amos Zeller"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Medicine, Essen, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Gilbert Rahe"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Diabetology, Endocrinology, Metabolic Disease and Nutrition, St. Katharinen-Hospital GmbH, Frechen, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Joerg Zeeh"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Christoph Neumann-Haefelin"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Center for Health Economics Research Hannover (CHERH), Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Frank Lammert"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Medicine, Essen, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Hartmut Schmidt"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany",
        "Department of Computer Science, University of Applied Science and Arts, Dortmund, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Christoph M Friedrich"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Martin Buerger"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Development and validation of multivariable prognostic machine learning models to identify patients at risk for inadequate bowel preparation when undergoing colonoscopy: a prospective, multicentre study",
  "uid": "dd647f32-22ca-5a02-a261-a8c87474d2df"
}