{
  "abstract": "Two main types of autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) have been described: type 1, linked to IgG4-related disease, and type 2, associated with inflammatory bowel diseases. Recently, a third type has been associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. In our series, we report three cases of type 1 AIP following glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 agonist treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). GLP-1 agonists may be implicated in pancreatitis development mainly due to their effect on biliary motility and pancreatic cell proliferation. While causation remains unproven, it could be possible that GLP-1 induced pancreatic hypertrophy might influence cell metabolism and antigen presentation in predisposed individuals, altering the immunological milieu and eventually leading to type 1 AIP. Similarly, we hypothesise that GLP-1 agonists use in type 1 AIP patients may lead to pancreatitis recurrence. Accordingly, insulin-based therapeutic regimens may be preferred in type 2 DM patients also affected by type 1 AIP.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, UnIRAR, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Jasmin Mahajne"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina"
      ],
      "name": "Ernestina Angarola"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, UnIRAR, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy",
        "Universita Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Emanuel Della Torre"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, UnIRAR, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy",
        "Universita Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Marco Lanzillotta"
    }
  ],
  "title": "GLP-1 agonists-induced autoimmune pancreatitis",
  "uid": "3787cad6-30b3-5f70-ab79-0e5f13a72099"
}