{
  "abstract": "In advance of the 2025 World Athletics Championships in Tokyo, World Athletics (WA) announced that passing a genetic test, specifically for the absence of the SRY gene, is a prerequisite for competing in the women’s category in all athletics World Rankings Competitions as of 1 September 2025 (online supplemental table 1). Athletes who do not pass the test will be considered ‘biological males’ and required to prove that they have complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) in order to compete. This requirement recycles an intentionally discontinued practice from the last century. After ending the discredited chromosome (Barr body) tests that had been used since the 1960s, the International Olympic Committee briefly used SRY gene tests from 1992 to 19991 before they were also withdrawn because of inaccuracy, lack of evidence of performance advantage, excessive cost including the cost of counselling, and the trauma and stigmatisation experienced by athletes and their families.SP110.1136/bjsports-2025-110787.supp1Supplementary data",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Interdisciplinary Centre for Ethics, Regulation and Integrity in Sport, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium",
        "Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"
      ],
      "name": "Silvia Camporesi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine, Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Shane M Heffernan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"
      ],
      "name": "Pascal Borry"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Osgoode Hall Law School, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Jensen Brehaut"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Tim Cable"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Faculty of Business and Law, University of Gloucestershire, Toronto, Cheltenham, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Jonathan Cooper"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine, Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK",
        "University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Luke Cox"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "T.M.C. Asser Instituut, The Hague, Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Antoine Duval"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine, Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Niall Fife"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Sasha Gollish"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "School of Energy, Geoscience, and Infrastructure, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Fergus M Guppy"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Blair R Hamilton"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "School of Applied Health Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Vanessa Heggie"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Life and Sport Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Adam Herbert"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Southampton National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK",
        "Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Richard Holt"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Public Health, Aarhus Universitet, Aarhus, Denmark",
        "Department of Organisation, Leadership and Management, University of Inland Norway, Lillehammer, Norway"
      ],
      "name": "Jörg Krieger"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute for Sport and Social Science, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway"
      ],
      "name": "Sigmund Loland"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Faculty of Science and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China"
      ],
      "name": "Fernanda Malinsky"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Marcus Mazzucco"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Interdisciplinary Centre for Ethics, Regulation and Integrity in Sport, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium",
        "Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine, Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK",
        "Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"
      ],
      "name": "Mike J McNamee"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Departamento Didáctica de la Expresión Corporal. Facultad de Educación y Trabajo Social, Universidad de Valladolid (UVa), Valladolid, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Jonathan Ospina-Betancurt"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland"
      ],
      "name": "Madeleine Pape"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Sport Management, Elon University, Elon, North Carolina, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Lyndsay P Pieper"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Faculty of Educational Sciences and Sports, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "María José Martínez Patiño"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Roger Pielke, Jr"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Faculty of Science and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China"
      ],
      "name": "Yannis P Pitsiladis"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "School of Counseling and Counseling Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Francisco J Sánchez"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Jaime Schultz"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine, Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Alexandra L Shaw"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia",
        "Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Andrew Sinclair"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Sarah Teetzel"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Eric Vilain"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Georgina K Stebbings"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine, Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK",
        "Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK",
        "Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Alun G Williams"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Harmful anachronism: World Athletics reinstates gene testing to participate in women’s competitions",
  "uid": "b0c732e9-7258-56b1-ac35-6f6877b6dd83"
}