{
  "abstract": "Objective To examine the predictive validity of field-based muscular strength tests in relation to incident long-term health conditions among adults.Design Systematic review and meta-analysis.Data sources PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, CINAHL, Epistemonikos and Google Scholar.Eligibility criteria Cohort studies examining the predictive value of validated and/or reliable field-based muscular strength tests in relation to long-term health conditions in adults aged ≥18 years.Results A total of 155 studies were included with 94 included in the meta-analysis. Adults with the highest (vs lowest) handgrip strength levels had a lower risk of multiple long-term health conditions (all p<0.05), including cardiovascular diseases (OR=0.73; 95% CI 0.67 to 0.80), type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR=0.79; 95% CI 0.68 to 0.91), musculoskeletal impairment (OR=0.65; 95% CI 0.56 to 0.76), disability (OR=0.57; 95% CI 0.47 to 0.70), anxiety (OR=0.79; 95% CI 0.63 to 0.99), depression (OR=0.70; 95% CI 0.63 to 0.78), cognitive decline (OR=0.57; 95% CI 0.44 to 0.75), dementia (OR=0.62; 95% CI 0.53 to 0.73) and Parkinson’s disease (OR=0.53; 95% CI 0.31 to 0.91). A 5 kg increase in handgrip strength was associated with a lower risk of developing most of these long-term health conditions. In turn, adults with the best (vs worst) performance on the 5-repetition chair-stand test had a lower risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR=0.80; 95% CI 0.72 to 0.88), musculoskeletal impairment (OR=0.52; 95% CI 0.37 to 0.74), disability (OR=0.58; 95% CI 0.41 to 0.82), depression (OR=0.63; 95% CI 0.42 to 0.95), and dementia (OR=0.68; 95% CI 0.54 to 0.85). Every 1 s decrease was associated with 0.94 lower odds of musculoskeletal impairment. The overall quality of the evidence ranged from very low to moderate, indicating limited to moderate confidence in the results.Conclusions Our findings suggest increased handgrip strength and chair-stand test performance are associated with a lower risk of multiple long-term health conditions among adults. This research underscores the predictive value of simple field-based muscular strength tests which appear to be clinically useful for adults across different age groups and demographic profiles.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Physical Education, GALENO Research Group, University of Cadiz Faculty of Education Sciences, Cadiz, Spain",
        "Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain",
        "Department of Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Almería, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Nuria Marín-Jiménez"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden",
        "Department of Physical Education and Health, Higher Institute of Physical Education, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Uruguay",
        "Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Cuenca, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Bruno Bizzozero-Peroni"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, Granada, Spain",
        "Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Pablo Molina-Garcia"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain",
        "Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland",
        "CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Francisco B Ortega"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada",
        "Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Jean-Philippe Chaput"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada",
        "School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Kai Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada",
        "Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada",
        "Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Allied Health and Human Performance, Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Justin J Lang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Allied Health and Human Performance, Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA, Australia",
        "Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA",
        "Department of Geriatrics, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA",
        "Fargo VA Healthcare System, Fargo, ND, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Ryan McGrath"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Allied Health and Human Performance, Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Grant R Tomkinson"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Cuenca, Spain",
        "Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile"
      ],
      "name": "Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Physical Education, GALENO Research Group, University of Cadiz Faculty of Education Sciences, Cadiz, Spain",
        "Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Magdalena Cuenca-García"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Physical Education, GALENO Research Group, University of Cadiz Faculty of Education Sciences, Cadiz, Spain",
        "Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Jose Castro-Piñero"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Clinical importance of simple muscular fitness tests to predict long-term health conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 94 cohort studies",
  "uid": "69cc2ae1-2712-5855-82f6-0fd7fe5f0158"
}