{
  "abstract": "Objective To examine differences in abusive/supportive coach supervision experienced by collegiate athletes across race/ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation and disability; determine the impact of coach characteristics on abusive supervision prevalence; and explore outcomes related to team culture, athlete autonomy, perceived coach leadership skills and perceived concern for athletes’ well-being.Methods Cross-sectional analysis of the 2021–2022 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) myPlaybook survey on 3317 athletes (aged ≥18 years). The survey captured self-reported demographics, sport type (team vs individual, lean vs non-lean) and multiple validated measures reflecting abusive/supportive coaching styles. Structural equation modelling identified associations while controlling for confounders.Results Overall, 18.6% (n=618) of athletes reported some form of abusive supervision. After adjusting for covariates, participating in team sport (OR=1.10, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.17) and having a disability (OR=1.17, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.31) were associated with higher odds of reporting abusive supervision. No significant differences were found based on athlete race/ethnicity, gender identity or sexual orientation. Coaches demonstrating attentiveness to athletes’ needs (OR=0.82, 95% CI 0.73 to 0.92) and respect for their input (OR=0.89, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.00) had lower odds of reported abusive supervision.Conclusion Nearly one-fifth of this NCAA cohort experienced abusive coach supervision. Disability and team sport participation were significantly associated with increased reports, whereas race/ethnicity, gender identity or sexual orientation showed no significant differences. In disabled and team sport athletes, sustained verbal/non-verbal abuse had a negative impact on athletes’ perception of team culture, autonomy, coaches’ leadership skills and coaches’ concern for their well-being. Coaching and leadership styles remain critical educational targets for providing safe sport environments for all athletes.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Sports Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Edward B Runquist III"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Oluwasanmi O Adenaiye"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran",
        "Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Mojdeh Sarzaeim"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Public Health Education, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Jeffery Milroy"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Public Health Education, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA"
      ],
      "name": "David Wyrick"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Departments of Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA",
        "Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Yetsa A Tuakli-Wosornu"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Associations of abusive supervision among collegiate athletes from equity-deserving groups",
  "uid": "212092c6-f1fc-581c-af18-dee8ee2885b2"
}