{
  "abstract": "Purpose To estimate probabilities of high myopia-associated glaucomatous/glaucoma-like optic neuropathy (GLON) and non-glaucomatous optic neuropathy (NGON).Methods Participants of four population-based investigations (Beijing Eye Study (n=3316 participants; age: 40+ years), Ural Eye and Medical Study (n=5372; age: 40+ years), Ural Very Old Study (n=586; age: 85+ years), Ural Children Eye Study (n=4328; age: 6+ years), Central India Eye and Medical Study (n=4374; age: 30+ years) underwent medical and ophthalmological examinations.Results The study population (n=35 167 eyes; 17 996 individuals) was randomly divided (ratio: 1:1) into a development and validation subgroup. In the development subgroup, the GLON prevalence equation was: −20.221+0.359×Axial Length+0.083×Age+0.706×Indian Ethnicity+0.198×Intraocular Pressure (IOP)+0.780×NGON-Presence. The NGON prevalence equation was: −38.136+1.202×Axial Length+0.038×Age-2.745×Indian Ethnicity+0.566×Myopic Macular Degeneration Stage+1.300×GLON Presence. In the validation subgroup, these equations had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for GLON prevalence and NGON prevalence of 0.881 and 0.964, respectively. Applying the equations, a non-Indian individual (axial length: 28 mm; IOP: 22 mm Hg) had a GLON probability of 3.5% and 60.2% at the ages of 30 years and 75 years, respectively, and an NGON probability of 3.42% and 16.4%, respectively. With an axial length of 30 mm, GLON probability and NGON probability increased from 6.9% to 75.6% and from 28.2% to 68.4% from age 30 years to 75 years.Conclusions The equations offer a rough estimate of optic nerve damage probability at present and at older age, based on axial length, IOP, ethnicity and ocular comorbidity. The calculated probability of GLON and NGON (IOP: 22 mm Hg, age: 75 years) at an axial length of 28 mm was 60.2% and 16.4%, respectively, and 75.6% and 68.4%, respectively, for an axial length of 30 mm.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute Francais de Myopie, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France",
        "Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore",
        "L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India",
        "Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China",
        "Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong",
        "New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA",
        "Privatpraxis Prof Jonas und Dr. Panda-Jonas, Heidelberg, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Jost B Jonas"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany",
        "L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"
      ],
      "name": "Rahul A Jonas"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russian Federation"
      ],
      "name": "Mukharram M Bikbov"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russian Federation"
      ],
      "name": "Gyulli M Kazakbaeva"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russian Federation"
      ],
      "name": "Ellina M Iakupova"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"
      ],
      "name": "Ya Xing Wang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India"
      ],
      "name": "Vinay Nangia"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany",
        "Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, Francce",
        "LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India",
        "Privatpraxis Prof Jonas und Dr. Panda-Jonas, Heidelberg, Germany, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Songhomitra Panda-Jonas"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Estimation of high myopia-associated optic neuropathies: the Two-Continent Eye Study",
  "uid": "b440e42b-67bf-5be8-b5ce-614e3ef89efc"
}