{
  "abstract": "Background/aims To investigate the prevalence and determinants of subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDDs; also known as reticular pseudodrusen, RPDs) in the European general population.Methods Altogether 18 931 adults from eight population-based studies were included. SDDs/RPDs were determined on optical coherence tomography and/or infrared photography. The prevalence of SDDs/RPDs and associated ocular and systemic determinants using multivariable logistic regression modelling per study and pooled results using random effects meta-analysis were analysed.Results Mean age ranged from 58.7±10.6 to 88.4±0.0 years in the different studies and prevalence of SDDs/RPDs ranged from 0.6% to 56.0%. Meta-analyses showed that increasing age (OR 1.09 per year, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.13; p<0.001), prevalent early/intermediate and late age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (OR 10.93, 95% CI 5.55 to 21.51; p<0.001 and OR 11.65, 95% CI 4.78 to 28.40; p<0.001, respectively) and AMD genetic risk score (OR 1.21 per unit, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.39; p=0.008) are associated with prevalent SDDs/RPDs. Sex, smoking, education and cardiovascular disease showed borderline association at some cohort levels but not in the meta-analysis. In sensitivity analyses, only age and AMD genetic risk score remained associated with SDDs/RPDs prevalence among participants without any AMD.Conclusions This multi-cohort analysis emphasises the wide range of SDDs/RPDs prevalence and determinants. Besides age, presence of AMD and AMD genetic risk variants increase the risk of SDDs/RPDs. These cross-sectional findings are compatible with the hypothesis that SDDs/RPDs may not represent a separate disease entity but be an additional sign of retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor stress.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Matthias M Mauschitz"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Frank G Holz"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Alexander K Schuster"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Stephanie D Grabitz"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute Francais de Myopie, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France",
        "Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore",
        "Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China",
        "L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India",
        "Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"
      ],
      "name": "Jost B Jonas"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia"
      ],
      "name": "Mukharram M Bikbov"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia"
      ],
      "name": "Gyulli M Kazakbaeva"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Public Health, Blackwell's Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Ruth Hogg"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Public Health, Blackwell's Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Tunde Peto"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Dijon, Dijon, France"
      ],
      "name": "Catherine P Creuzot-Garcher"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Dijon, Dijon, France"
      ],
      "name": "Pierre-Henry Gabrielle"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "AIBILI - Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal"
      ],
      "name": "Rita Coimbra"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "AIBILI - Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal",
        "Coimbra Hospital and University Centre (CHUC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal"
      ],
      "name": "Cláudia Farinha"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, Team LEHA, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France"
      ],
      "name": "Cecile Delcourt"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, Team LEHA, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France"
      ],
      "name": "Audrey Cougnard-Grégoire"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany",
        "Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Caroline Brandl"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Iris M Heid"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany",
        "Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Robert P Finger"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Subretinal drusenoid deposits (reticular pseudodrusen) in the general population: a European multicohort study",
  "uid": "d48f9883-64d2-5cd6-aef8-9e6bc1ab7ecd"
}