{
  "abstract": "Purpose Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) is an important tool in evaluating retinal vascular disease. In the era of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), however, expert preferences regarding the comparative utility of FFA and OCTA remain unclear. Additionally, despite FFA’s widespread use, variability exists in the terminology used to describe angiographic findings. This study aimed to establish expert consensus on clinical indications for FFA versus OCTA and to provide consensus definitions of key angiographic terms.Methods Using a two-round modified Delphi process, 25 retinal subspecialists provided perspectives on the clinical indications for FFA in the assessment of a range of retinal vascular conditions. They also evaluated proposed definitions for FFA findings in retinal vascular diseases. Consensus was defined as ≥80% agreement and near consensus as 70%–79%.Results Experts agreed that FFA is preferable for the diagnosis of retinal vasculitis, ocular ischaemic syndrome and proliferative diabetic retinopathy, even when OCTA is available. Furthermore, FFA was the favoured imaging modality to guide laser photocoagulation in branch retinal vein occlusion. Conversely, FFA was considered non-essential in evaluating neovascular age-related macular degeneration and mild-to-moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Finally, definitions were agreed on for seven FFA terms used in the evaluation of retinal vascular diseases. These were non-perfusion, capillary dropout, window defect, pooling, leakage, neovascularisation and staining.Conclusion This study presents contemporary perspectives on the clinical indications for FFA in an era in which OCT and OCTA are widely available. It also provides a lexicon for FFA reporting in retinal vascular diseases based on expert consensus.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Eye Research Australia Ltd, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia",
        "The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery in Ophthalmology, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Roshan Karri"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Eye Research Australia Ltd, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia",
        "The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery in Ophthalmology, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "David C Sousa"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Eye Research Australia Ltd, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia",
        "The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery in Ophthalmology, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Xavier Hadoux"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Eye Research Australia Ltd, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Salmaan Al-Qureshi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Eye Research Australia Ltd, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia",
        "The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery in Ophthalmology, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "C Alex Harper"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Eye Research Australia Ltd, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia",
        "The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery in Ophthalmology, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Amy C Cohn"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Xavier J Fagan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Corneal Unit, Centre for Eye Research Australia Ltd, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia",
        "Department of Ophthalmology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Elaine Chong"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Eye Research Australia Ltd, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia",
        "The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery in Ophthalmology, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Thomas L Edwards"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia",
        "Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Ming-Lee Lin"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Eye Research Australia Ltd, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Sanjeewa Wickremasinghe"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Daniel Chiu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Marsden Eye Specialists Laser LASIK Eye Cataract Glaucoma Eyelid & Oculoplastic, Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Jennifer J Arnold"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Queensland Eye Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Anthony S Kwan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Eye Research Australia Ltd, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia",
        "University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Thomas Gordon Campbell"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Ophthalmology Unit, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia, Woodville, New South Wales, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Shane R Durkin"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Save Sight Registries, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia",
        "Strathfield Retina Clinic, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Hemal Mehta"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Sydney Hospital and Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia",
        "The University of Sydney Save Sight Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Samantha Fraser-Bell"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Sydney Hospital and Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Hessom Razavi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Service d’Ophtalmologie, CHU Bordeaux GH Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France",
        "INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, TEAM LEHA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France"
      ],
      "name": "Jean-François Korobelnik"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ophthalmology, University of Udine, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Paolo Lanzetta"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, NRW, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Frank G Holz"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Medical Retina Service, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore",
        "Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore"
      ],
      "name": "Chui Ming Gemmy Cheung"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA"
      ],
      "name": "David S Boyer"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Chandrakumar Balaratnasingam"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Eye Research Australia Ltd, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia",
        "The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery in Ophthalmology, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Penelope J Allen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Eye Research Australia Ltd, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia",
        "The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery in Ophthalmology, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Lyndell L Lim"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Eye Research Australia Ltd, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia",
        "The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery in Ophthalmology, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Robyn Guymer"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Eye Research Australia Ltd, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia",
        "The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery in Ophthalmology, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Peter Van Wijngaarden"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Expert consensus on fundus fluorescein angiography reporting in ophthalmology: a Delphi study",
  "uid": "537af074-d0e4-5f17-8194-ada54a48ee54"
}