{
  "abstract": "Purpose To examine an association of cigarette smoking on retinal layer thickness.Methods The population-based Beijing Eye Study 2011 included 3468 individuals aged 50+ years. All participants underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the macula. Using a multiple-surface OCT segmentation algorithm, the retina was segmented into nine layers. Information about cigarette smoking was assessed in an interview with a standardised questionnaire. The exclusion criterion was the presence of any retinal or optic nerve disease.Results The study included 2173 participants (mean age: 61.7±8.4 years; mean axial length: 23.1±0.8 mm) with 660 (30.4%) participants with a smoking history and 1513 (69.6%) non-smokers. Mean duration of the smoking period was 8.7±14.9 years, and mean smoking quantity was 9.5±18.2 pack-years. In multivariable analysis, higher prevalence of smoking was associated with thinner whole retina (p=0.024; B=−1.64; 95% CIs −3.07 to –0.22), thinner ganglion cell layer (GCL) (p=.044; B=−0.39; 95% CI −0.78 to –0.01) and thinner photoreceptor outer segment layer (POS) (p=0.024; B=−0.38; 95% CI −0.72 to –0.05) with adjustments of age, gender, axial length, education level and hypertension. Similar results were obtained if the retinal thickness measurements were obtained in the various macular subfields. A longer period of smoking was related to thinner whole retina (p=0.009; B=−0.06; 95% CI −0.10 to –0.01), thinner retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) (p=0.011; B=−0.01; 95% CI −0.02 to –0.002), thinner GCL (p=0.006; B=−0.02; 95% CI −0.03 to –0.01) and thinner POS (p=0.025; B=−0.01; 95% CI −0.02 to –0.001) with adjustments of age, gender, axial length, education level and hypertension. Higher smoking pack-years were significantly associated with thinner GCL (p=0.022; B=−0.01; 95% CI −0.02 to –0.002).Conclusions Smoking was related to thinner GCL and POS in this population-based investigation, pointing towards and agreeing with an association between smoking and optic nerve damage or age-related macular degeneration.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China",
        "Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnostic Technology and Devices for Major Blinding Eye Diseases, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China",
        "Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China"
      ],
      "name": "Zihan Li"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China",
        "Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnostic Technology and Devices for Major Blinding Eye Diseases, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"
      ],
      "name": "Zhe Pan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China"
      ],
      "name": "Yu Huang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Hui Xie"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Xiaodong Wu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China",
        "Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnostic Technology and Devices for Major Blinding Eye Diseases, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"
      ],
      "name": "Chun Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China",
        "Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnostic Technology and Devices for Major Blinding Eye Diseases, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China",
        "Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore"
      ],
      "name": "Tien Yin Wong"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China",
        "Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnostic Technology and Devices for Major Blinding Eye Diseases, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China",
        "Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore",
        "Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Institut Français de Myopie, Paris, France",
        "Privatpraxis Prof Jonas und Dr Panda-Jonas, Heidelberg, Germany",
        "New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Jost B Jonas"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China",
        "Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnostic Technology and Devices for Major Blinding Eye Diseases, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China",
        "Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China"
      ],
      "name": "Ya Xing Wang"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Cigarette smoking and retinal ganglion cell layer and photoreceptor outer segment thickness: The Beijing Eye Study",
  "uid": "f4c82581-ff15-5df9-b36b-15f1fb27e451"
}