{
  "abstract": "Purpose To evaluate the associations between omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) and other dietary factors with myopia.Methods A total of 1005 Chinese children, aged from 6 to 8 years, from a population-based Hong Kong Children Eye Study, were included in the analysis. Diet was assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) refraction was assessed with an autorefractometer, and axial length (AL) by an IOL Master.Results AL was longest in the lowest quartile group of ω-3 PUFAs intake, compared with the highest (adjusted mean (95% CI), 23.29 (23.17 to 23.40) mm vs 23.08 (22.96 to 23.19) mm, p=0.01; p-trend=0.02) after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, near-work time, outdoor time, and parental myopia history. The corresponding trends were observed in SE (−0.13 (−0.32 to 0.07) D in the lowest and 0.23 (0.03 to 0.42) D in the highest quartile groups, p=0.01; p-trend=0.01). In contrast, AL was longest in the highest quartile group of saturated fatty acids (SFA) intake, compared with the lowest (23.30 (23.17 to 23.42) mm vs 23.13 (23.01 to 23.24) mm, p=0.05; p-trend=0.04). The corresponding trends were observed in SE (−0.12 (−0.33 to 0.09) D in the highest and 0.13 (-0.04 to 0.31) D in the lowest quartile group, p=0.06; p-trend=0.04). A lower intake of ω-3 PUFAs was associated with myopia (p-trend=0.006). None of the other nutrients were associated with SE or AL or myopia.Conclusions Intake of ω-3 PUFAs is a protective factor against myopia, while higher SFA intake is a risk factor. Our findings indicated a possible effect of diet on myopia, of which ω-3 PUFAs intake may play a protective role against myopia development in children.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China",
        "Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China"
      ],
      "name": "Xiu Juan Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China"
      ],
      "name": "Yuzhou Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China",
        "Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China"
      ],
      "name": "You Juan Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China"
      ],
      "name": "Jun Yu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China",
        "Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Fang Yao Tang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China"
      ],
      "name": "Yi Li"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Jockey Club Institute of Ageing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China"
      ],
      "name": "Suey Yeung"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China",
        "Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China"
      ],
      "name": "Ka Wai Kam"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Computer Science, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Kunal Agrawal"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore"
      ],
      "name": "Nicholas Chieh Loh"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China"
      ],
      "name": "Patrick Ip"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China"
      ],
      "name": "Ian CK Wong"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China"
      ],
      "name": "Wei Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China",
        "Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China"
      ],
      "name": "Alvin L Young"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China",
        "Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China",
        "Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China",
        "Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Children Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China",
        "Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China"
      ],
      "name": "Clement C Tham"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China",
        "Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China"
      ],
      "name": "Chi Pui Pang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China",
        "Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China",
        "Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China"
      ],
      "name": "Li Jia Chen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China",
        "Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China",
        "Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Children Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China",
        "Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China"
      ],
      "name": "Jason C Yam"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as a protective factor of myopia: the Hong Kong Children Eye Study",
  "uid": "f9462659-2ee0-51c3-9c99-43ff4a2fa381"
}