{
  "abstract": "Objective To determine the diagnostic accuracy and inter-rater reliability of the traditional index finger vein inspection (‘Zhiwen’) for assessing pneumonia severity in children.Design Cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study adhering to Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2015 guidelines.Setting A tertiary paediatric referral hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.Patients 406 children aged ≤3 years with clinically diagnosed pneumonia were enrolled between March and May 2024.Interventions Participants underwent independent, blinded assessment by a paediatrician (reference standard: WHO pneumonia classification) and traditional medicine practitioners (index test: ‘Zhiwen’ inspection). Veins were classified into ‘Wind’, ‘Qi’ or ‘Life’ bars based on distal extension.Main outcome measures Diagnostic accuracy metrics (sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios) and inter-rater reliability (Cohen’s kappa (κ)).Results Inter-rater reliability was excellent (κ=0.91; 95% CI 0.88 to 0.94). A significant graded association was observed between vein extension and pneumonia severity (p<0.001). The ‘Life bar’ extension was strongly associated with very severe pneumonia, demonstrating a sensitivity of 95.2% (95% CI 76.2% to 99.9%) and specificity of 96.4% (95% CI 94.0% to 98.0%). Crucially, the absence of the ‘Life bar’ yielded a negative predictive value (NPV) of 99.7%, effectively ruling out critical illness.Conclusion The traditional ‘Zhiwen’ inspection is a reproducible and valid physical biomarker for pneumonia severity. Its high NPV suggests its potential as a rapid, no-cost adjunctive tool for risk stratification in children with established pneumonia in resource-constrained settings.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"
      ],
      "name": "Minh Quan Le Hoang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"
      ],
      "name": "Cam Nhi Phan Thi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"
      ],
      "name": "Nghia Thi Ngoc Nguyen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"
      ],
      "name": "Nguyen Thuong"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"
      ],
      "name": "Ngoc Bao Le"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"
      ],
      "name": "Thuc Anh Ho"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"
      ],
      "name": "Dieu Thi Dang"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Diagnostic accuracy of the index finger vein inspection (‘Zhiwen’) for assessing paediatric pneumonia severity",
  "uid": "3ffb4401-c7b9-5ab9-b98e-2b0719859a4d"
}